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Reconstructive plastic surgery of the head and neck includes a range of advanced surgical techniques to restore the appearance and functionality of areas that have been compromised due to the following causes:
These procedures are not only important for cosmetic enhancement, but also for restoring essential functions such as chewing, swallowing, speaking and breathing, which have a significant impact on the patient's quality of life and psychological well-being.
The extent of reconstruction in the head and neck area varies considerably depending on the location, size and complexity of the defect.
The aim is to achieve the best possible aesthetic and functional result. This requires innovative and highly specialised surgical approaches. These include
Skin grafting
This involves transferring skin from a donor site to the affected area. Skin grafts are often used for superficial repairs but do not include the underlying tissue and do not offer as much functionality as other methods.
Local and regional flaps
Flap plasty is more complex and involves the transfer of living tissue, including skin, fat and sometimes muscle, from a nearby area to the reconstruction site. These flaps retain their original blood supply and promote healing and integration into the surrounding tissue.
Free flap reconstruction
Free flaps are used for more extensive reconstructions. In this technique, tissue (skin, muscle, bone or a combination of these) is transplanted from a removed part of the body.
The blood vessels of the tissue are reconnected to the vessels at the reconstruction site using microvascular surgical techniques. This enables the transfer of larger volumes of tissue and offers more options for adapting the shape and function of the area to be reconstructed.
Microvascular surgery
A cornerstone of complex reconstructions is microvascular surgery, in which tiny blood vessels are repaired or reconnected using a microscope to ensure the viability of the transferred tissue. This technique is particularly important for procedures with free flaps.
Bone reconstruction
For defects in the jaw or facial bones, surgeons can use bone grafts or customised implants.
Advances in 3D printing have made it possible to create patient-specific implants that match the contours of the patient's anatomy, improving functional and aesthetic outcomes.
Technology and innovations
Technological advances such as 3D imaging and 3D printing, virtual surgical planning (VSP) and computer-aided design (CAD) significantly improve the precision of reconstructions.
These tools allow for careful pre-operative planning, reducing surgery time and improving outcomes.
Postoperative care and rehabilitation are crucial to the success of head and neck reconstructions.
A multidisciplinary team approach involving oncologists, radiologists, speech therapists and physiotherapists ensures comprehensive care.
These joint efforts focus not only on the physical reconstruction, but also on the emotional and psychological support that patients need during their recovery.
The complexity of reconstructive head and neck surgery emphasises the importance of choosing a skilled and experienced surgical team.
Through careful planning and advanced surgical techniques, reconstructive surgery aims to restore the appearance, functionality and quality of life of patients and to address the profound effects of head and neck disorders.
